Interstellar medium, and evolutionary processes

Atoms occupy about 4% of the total energy density in the observed universe, with an average density of about 0.25 atom/m3.
In the Milky Way galaxy, the atom has a higher concentration, with the density of matter in the interstellar medium ranged from 105 to 109 atom/m3.

The sun itself is believed to be in the Local Bubble, which is an area that many gas mengadung ions, so the surroundings are denistas approximately 103 atom/m3. Star forming dense clouds in the interstellar medium, and the evolutionary process of stars would lead to increased content of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the interstellar medium.

Up to 95% of atoms are concentrated in the Milky Way stars, and the total mass of these atoms form approximately 10% of the mass of galaxies. (The mass of the rest is dark matter that is not clearly known.

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Protons and electrons are stable up one second after the Big Bang event

During three minutes later, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium, lithium, and deuterium, and perhaps also some of beryllium and boron.

The first atom (the electron is bound to it) are theoretically created 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the expanding universe is cool enough to allow the electrons bound to nuclei.

Since then, the nucleus began to join in the stars through nuclear fusion processes, and produce elements heavier until the iron.

Isotopes such as lithium-6 is produced in space through cosmic ray spalasi. This occurs when a high-energy proton nucleus pound, causing a large number of nucleon scattering.

Elements heavier than iron are produced in a supernova r process and in AGB stars through the process of s. Both involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei. Elements such as lead mostly formed through the radioactive decay of other elements heavier.

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Age of the Earth through radiometric dating

Most of the atoms that make up the Earth and all creatures including life had been in its present form in the nebula, which collapsed from the molecular cloud to form the Solar System.
The rest is the result of radioactive decay and the proportions can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating. Most of helium in the Earth's crust is a product of alpha decay.

There is a bit of atoms on Earth is at the beginning of its formation does not exist and also not the result of radioactive decay. Carbon-14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.

Some atoms on Earth were artificially generated by nuclear reactors or weapons. Of all the transuranium elements numbered atoms greater than 92, only plutonium and neptunium is all there is on Earth naturally. Transuranium elements have radioactive half-life shorter than the age of the Earth, so that these elements have long decay.

Exceptions are the plutonium-244 are likely stored in cosmic dust. Natural content of plutonium and neptunium produced from neutron capture in uranium ore.

Earth contains approximately 1.33 × 1050 atoms. [116] In the planet's atmosphere, there are a small number of atoms of noble gases like argon and neon. The remaining 99% of atoms in the earth's atmosphere in the form of molecules bound, such as carbon dioxide, diatomic oxygen and diatomic nitrogen.

At the Earth's surface, the atoms are bonded together to form various compounds, including water, salt, silicates, and oxides.
Atoms can also be joined to form materials that do not consist of molecules, crystals and metals for example solid or liquid.

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Positron is antielektron, radioactive isotopes

When isotopes with atomic numbers higher than radioactive lead, there is an "island of stability" proposed for some elements with atomic numbers above 103. The elements of this super-heavy nucleus may have a relatively stable against decay
radioactive. Super-heavy atoms are stable this is likely unbiheksium, with 184 protons 126 neutrons.

Each particle of matter have antimatter particles each with the opposite electric charges. Thus, antielektron positron is positively charged, protons and antiprotons are negatively charged, when matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other. There is an imbalance between the number of particles of matter and antimatter. Imbalance is still not completely understood, although there are theories that explain bariogenesis possible. Antimatter is not found naturally.

However, in 1996, successfully synthesized in antihidrogen CERN laboratory in Geneva. There is also a rare atoms other one made by replacing protons, neutrons, or electrons with other particles are equally charged.

For example, electrons can be replaced with a heavier muon, muon atomic form. Types of atoms can be used to test the predictions of physics.

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In the case of tyrosine, nitration in the 3-position of the aromatic ring, producing 3-nitrotyrosine

Other protein-counting method, the method has been to count protein nitration. In this method, aromatic amino acid residue with nitric acid, and products of nitriding at 358 nm absorb. In the case of tyrosine, nitration in the 3-position of the aromatic ring, producing 3-nitrotyrosine. This method has been compared with the Bradford assay with BSA and the Smith standard, and almost the same results are obtained. The detection limit is 5 mg test and disorders known sailor X-100 and

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C14H24N2O4 Exact Mass: 284.17 Mol Wt.: 284.35 m / e: 284.17 (100.0%), 285.18 (16.1%), 286.18 (2.0%) C, 59.13; H, 8.51; N, 9.85; O, 22.51

Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate: C14H24N2O4) is a capsule containing 30 mg, 45 mg or 75 mg oseltamivir for oral use, in the form of oseltamivir phosphate, and as a powder for oral suspension, used in the composition with water as directed contains 12 mg / mL oseltamivir base. Besides the active ingredient, each capsule contains the source strength of starch, talc, povidone K 30, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The 30 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, and red iron oxide. The 45 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide and iron oxide black. The 75 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide black, and red iron oxide. Each capsule is printed with blue ink, the FD & C Blue No. 2 as the colorant. In addition to the active substance, the powder for oral suspension contains sorbitol, monosodium citrate, xanthan gum, titanium dioxide, tutti-frutti flavor, sodium benzoate, and saccharin sodium.


C14H24N2O4
Exact Mass: 284.17
Mol Wt.: 284.35
m / e: 284.17 (100.0%), 285.18 (16.1%), 286.18 (2.0%)
C, 59.13; H, 8.51; N, 9.85; O, 22.51
Boiling Point: 899.20 [K]
Melting point: 676.52 [K]
Critical Temp: 946.03 [K]
Critical Pres: 21.53 [bar]
Critical Vol: 829.50 [cm3/mol]
Gibbs energy: -347.62 [kJ / mol]
Log P: -0.41
MR: 75.10 [cm3/mol]
Henry's Law: 16.55
Heat Form: -838.53 [kJ / mol]
CLOGP: -1.2372
CMR: 7.6588

Oseltamivir phosphate is a white crystalline powder with the chemical name (3R, 4R, 5S)-4-acetylamino-5-Amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexen-1-carboxylic acid).
Below are the properties of oseltamivir.

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Acute oral and dermal toxicity are often designed to improve the effectiveness of a substance in relation to a median lethal dose or LD50. The LD50 is

The manufacture of asphalt Cement
Oil is in the various fractions through a distillation of the oil refinery. After separation, these fractions are further refined into other products, asphalt, paraffin, gasoline, naphtha, lubricating oil, kerosene and diesel. Since asphalt is the base or components of heavy oil, but do not boil or evaporate during the distillation. Asphalt is essentially the heavy residue of oil refining.
Distilling the Raw --

1 The process begins with the refining of crude oil pipelines from a memory in a heat exchanger or tube heater, where the temperature is very fast for the first distillation. It then enters an atmospheric distillation tower where the lighter and more volatile components, or fractions, vaporize and are made through a series of condensers and coolers. It is then separated for further refining into gasoline (known as the "light" distillate), kerosene (known as the "medium" distillate), diesel (known as the "heavy" distillate), and many other useful petroleum products.

The heavy residue from this process is called atmospheric distillation of crude oil peak. These raw peak can be used for fuel or further processed into other products like asphalt. Vacuum distillation removed enough high boiling fractions yield what is called a "straight run" asphalt. However, if the peak oil enough low volatile components which are not economically removed through distillation, solvent extraction, also known as a solvent deasphalting may be required to asphalt cement of the desired consistency.

Cutting back
May 2 next asphalt are mixed or "cut" with a volatile substance in a product that is soft and workable at a lower temperature than pure asphalt cement. If the cut-back asphalt for paving or construction, the volatile element evaporates when the air or heat, leaving the hard asphalt cement. The relative speed of evaporation or volatility of the cutting process, the agent determines whether a reduction of asphalt is considered slow, medium or fast cure. Heated asphalt cement is mixed with asphalt concrete residual oil from the previous distillation for a slow-curing asphalt, with kerosene for medium-healing, and with gasoline and naphtha for the rapid curing asphalt.

Emulsifying
3 The asphalt cement may also be emulsified to a liquid that is easily pumped through tubes, mixed with aggregate, or sprayed through nozzles. To emulsify, the asphalt cement globules in the bottom 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. micrometers and smaller (one micrometer is a millionth of a meter). This is mixed with water. An emulsifier, which is the tendency of the asphalt and water to separate. The emulsifier may be colloidal clay, soluble or insoluble silicates, soap, sulphonated or vegetable oils.

Pulverizers
4 asphalt can also be pulverized to a powder form of asphalt. The asphalt is crushed and a series of fine mesh sieves to ensure uniform size of the granules. Powered asphalt can be mixed with road oil and aggregate for pavement construction. The heat and pressure in the street slowly connects the powder with the aggregate and binding oil, and the substance hardens to a consistency similar to regular asphalt cement.

Air bubbles
5 When the asphalt is for a purpose other than plaster, such as roofing, pipe coating, or as undersealant or water-proofing material, the asphalt may be oxidized, or air blown. This process creates a soft material that at a higher temperature than paving asphalts. There may be air in the refinery, at an asphalt plant, or a roofing material plant. The asphalt has a temperature of 500 ° F (260 ° C). Then air is bubbled through it for one to 4.5 hours. When cooled, the asphalt remains liquid.

Asphalt Paving Mixtures
Since asphalt cement is an important part in paving the road, the following is a brief description, such as asphalt paving mixtures are produced. Asphalt paving mixtures prepared with asphalt cement are usually at an asphalt mixing plant. There are two types of asphalt mixes: hot-and cold-mix-mix. Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) is often used during cold-mix asphalt (usually mixed with emulsified or cut-back asphalts) is usually used for light to medium traffic secondary roads, or for remote locations or at the maintenance use. Hot-mix asphalt is a mixture of suitable aggregate coated with asphalt cement. The term "hot mix" comes from the process of heating the aggregate and asphalt before mixing to remove moisture from the sum sufficient to maintain and fluidity of the asphalt cement for proper mixing and work-ability.

6 and a total asphalt cement in a mixer, where they are heated, proportioned and mixed to produce the desired paving mixture. Hot-mix may be permanently located (also called "stationary" facilities), or it may be portable and job to job. Hot-mix plants can be either as a batch plant or a drum-mix plant, which can be either stationary or mobile. Batch-type hot-mixing facilities different size fractions of hot aggregate, are in proportional amounts from storage containers, a lot of mixing. The combination of aggregates is dumped into a mixing chamber as pugmill. The asphalt, which was also weighed, then thoroughly mixed with the total in the pugmill. After mixing, the material is then discharged from the pugmill in trucks, silos, or surge bins walls. The drum-mixing process heats and blends the amount of asphalt all at the same time in the drum mixer.

7 When the mixture is hot mixture is then applied to the patch site, and the diffusion in a partially compacted layer at a uniform, smooth surface with a paving machine. While still hot, the soil mixture is compacted by heavy rolling machines to a smooth pavement surface.
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Toxicology

* Methylphenidate poisoning

2/26/2009
Background methylphenidate methylphenidate is a Schedule II controlled substances for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy. There has also been used unlabeled in the treatment of depression and increase the therapeutic effect of opiates pharmacology, it is postulated that the mechanism of methylphenidate measure the increase of dopamine by blocking the dopamine transporter. Modulation of norepinephrine may also play a role. Effects of overdose The manifestations of methylphenidate toxicity are consistent with the typical sympathomimetics. Effects are present in varying degrees of psychiatric or neurological effects (eg headache, CNS excitation or depression, abnormal movements or rigidity, changes in mood or ...
* Subchronic and chronic toxicity

2/26/2009
The acute toxicity, which is lethal dose to 50 percent of the animals over a given route of exposure, but does not determine what dose is no unreasonable risk. This provision is supported by the observed effects on examining a series of dose and duration of time. Subchronic studies last for a few weeks to months (~ 10 percent of the normal life of the test animal), and chronic studies can be a period of one year or more (the expected life of the test animal). Routes of exposure are identical to those of acute testing programs (oral, dermal, inhalation). ...
* Acute toxicity

2/26/2009
Acute toxicity studies evaluating the risk from exposure to a substance, usually at a high dose. Acute oral and dermal toxicity are often designed to improve the effectiveness of a substance in relation to a median lethal dose or LD50. The LD50 is the dose which kills 50 percent of the animals in the laboratory test. The higher the LD50 value, the lower the toxicity. Dose is expressed as milligrams of test substance per kilogram of body weight of the studied animals (mg / kg body weight). Laboratory studies show that glyphosate has acute oral rat ...
* Forensic Toxicology

2/26/2009
Forensic toxicology involves the application of scientific methods for analysis of biological samples for the presence of drugs and other potentially toxic materials. As the Society of Forensic Toxicologists (Soft), forensic toxicology usually includes: 1 Post-mortem forensic toxicology, the absence or presence of drugs and their metabolites, chemicals such as ethanol and other volatile substances, carbon monoxide and other gases, metals and other toxic chemicals in human tissues and fluids, and evaluates their role as determinants or factors in the cause and manner of death. 2. Human-performance forensic toxicology, the absence ...
* Acrylic: toxic substances, safety considerations and recycling

2/26/2009
Acrylic-plastic production with highly toxic substances, careful storage, handling and disposal. The polymerization may cause an explosion if not properly monitored. It also produces toxic fumes. Recent legislation requires that the polymerization procedures are carried out in a closed environment and to clean the exhaust, to capture or otherwise neutralized before discharge into the atmosphere. Acrylic plastic is not easy to recycle. It is considered a group 7 plastic among recycled plastics and is not collected for recycling in most municipalities. Large pieces can be reformed into other useful objects if they are not suffered ...
* The impact of alcohol in a Nutshell

3/2/2009
The pharmacodynamic properties of alcohol classify it as a central nervous system depressant. Alcohol effects are dose-related.The more alcohol consumed the greater its effect. Alcohol affects the perception of (the knowledge, thinking, learning and assessment), and psychomotor skills (voluntary movement). Alcohol affects the first newly developed parts of the brain responsible for decision-making, inhibition, personality, mental and emotional states. How AC increases, the impairment of psychomotor functions such as muscle coordination, balance, eye movements, etc. increased. How AC continues to increase, involuntary movements, such as breathing, is affected, leading to coma or death. Much ...
* Interpretation of the results of alcohol

2/23/2009
By Patrick Harding, Toxicology Section Supervisor Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene of alcohol is a legal drug that is easily accessible, widespread and often abused, with a well-documented Drivers correlation between alcohol consumption and traffic crashes. Most people have an idea of the pharmacology and toxicology of alcohol from their own experience or observation of others. Unfortunately, this leads to misconceptions about how alcohol is absorbed by the body (pharmacokinetics) and how it affects the body (pharmacodynamics). Most people have an idea of how a "drunk" person behaves without any impairment of the driver may not appear "drunk". ...
* Genetic Toxicology

2/22/2009
Genetic toxicology is the study of how a chemical on the genetic material of a cell. It is available in two ways: • One is by visual inspection through a microscope, the damage to whole chromosomes. Damage at this level is seen as damage or chromosomal aberrations. • The second is to determine the damage to the genes (DNA sequences), which is too small, under the microscope. Damage to genetic material in the chromosomes is called a gene mutation. The body often can repair genetic damage, but unrepariert damage can lead to mutation. In ...
* Pesticide toxicity and toxicity characterized
2/22/2009
The effects of a pesticide, depending on the duration of exposure: • acute (short-term exposure, a single claim or multiple claims within a very short time) • subchronic (intermediate-term exposure, repeated exposure over a longer period) • chronic (long-term exposure , repeated exposure over a very long time) for many pesticides, the response to acute exposure can be very different than the response to subchronic or chronic exposure, ie, a dose once in May evoke little or no response, while several claims ( at the same dose) over a mean or might be a long time ...
* Pesticides Absorption

2/22/2009
Pesticides can the human body through the skin (dermal exposure), mouth (oral exposure) and lung (respiratory exposure). The site of exposure to pesticides, the impact on the speed of absorption into the bloodstream, as well as their distribution patterns. The skin is a natural barrier to many pesticides, but penetration can occur, especially if the skin through cuts and abrasions. Each region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum and has its own internal environment that dramatically affects the absorption of a pesticide. Some compounds readily in the mouth, while others are absorbed ...

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Kebisaan data ORL-RAT LD50 2300 mg kg-1 SKN-RAT LD50> 16000 mg / kg-1 IPR-RAT LD50 1400 mg kg-1

General
Synonyms: 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, p-methoxynitrobenzene, 4-methoxynitrobenzene, p-Nitroanisol
Use:
Molecular Formula: C7H7NO3
CAS No: 100-17-4
EINECS No: 202-825-3

Physical data
Appearance: beige crystalline powder
Melting point: 48 C
Boiling point:
Vapor Density:
Vapor pressure:
Density (g cm-3): 1.233
Flash point: 130 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits:
Ignition temperature:
Water solubility:

Stability
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong bases.

Toxicology
May as irritant.

Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 2300 mg kg-1
SKN-RAT LD50> 16000 mg kg-1
IPR-RAT LD50 1400 mg kg-1

The R-phrases
R52 R53.

Environmental information
Harmful to aquatic organisms - may cause long term damage to the environment.

Transport information
UN number 3458th Hazard class 6.1. Packing Group III.

Personal Protective Equipment
Goggles. Avoid release into the environment.

S-phrases
S61.

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Sinonim: P-nitrophenetole, p-ethoxynitrobenzene, 4-ethoxynitrobenzene, p-nitroethoxybenzene, 4-nitroethoxybenzene, etil-p-nitrophenyl eter, p-nitrophe

Synonyms: P-nitrophenetole, p-ethoxynitrobenzene, 4-ethoxynitrobenzene, p-nitroethoxybenzene, 4-nitroethoxybenzene, ethyl-p-nitrophenyl ether, p-nitrophenetol
Used:
Molecular formula: O2NC6H4OC2H5
CAS No: 100-29-8
EINECS No: 202-837-9

Physical data
Views: brown, crystalline powder
Melting point: 56 - 60 C
Boiling point: 112 - 115 C at 3 mm Hg
Vapor density:
Removing the pressure:
Density (g cm-3):
Flash point:
Explosion limits:
Ignition temperature:
Water solubility:

Stability
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Toxicology
As a nuisance.

Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 3300 mg kg-1
SKN-RBT LD50> 7940 mg / kg-1
SKN-RAT LD50> 16000 mg / kg-1

R-phrases

Traffic information
Non-hazardous for air, sea and road freight.

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Phenol and related substances. Remove the solution that is not very toxic (ethanol or Methanol) dilute solution of bromine (one teaspoon per quart of

Working with chemicals must be careful, do not forget safety gear. Above all, eye and face protection.

Here are tips if you gpt accident while working on your lab.

What to do if you are burned by chemicals
Acids.
Wash immediately with plenty of cold water, then with diluted sodium bicarbonate (2 or 3 tablespoons of baking powder in a cup of water). Again, rinse with water and consult a doctor if irritation persists.

Alkalis, bases.
Wash with water and vinegar. Diluted acetic acid may be used instead of vinegar. If the burn is severe or irritating, see a doctor.

Brom.
Same procedure as acid burn.

Phenol and related substances.
Remove with a solvent which is not very toxic (ethanol or methanol). Then with a very dilute solution of bromine (one teaspoon per quart of water) in glycerol.

Phosphorus.
Immediately wash with sodium carbonate solution, followed by warm 1% copper sulphate, then remove all the copper-coated phosphor with tweezers and / or running water.

Let's say you thought that the glasses are a waste of time and a real pain in the ass. She took them away, or not even be purchased. They have experience corrosive sprays (very often), or the stopper blows out of the bottle, and you have in your eyes reagents. The odds are two to one that you are now permanently blind.

What to do if you in the eyes of reagents:
Acids.
Wash under running water to wash or bottle of clean water from cups, or anything with clean water, and quickly. Follow with diluted (1-2% sodium bicarbonate and 98% water) soda solution. Then, some drops of castor oil in the eye (s).

Alkalis.
Washing with water, then with dilute boric acid solution, then a drop of oil.

Glass splinter in the eye.
Unless it is easily removed with a tweezer, try not to remove;
Eyes open without blinking (yes, this is great power) and absolutely no friction, until a doctor can remove fragment (s).

In the event of suffocation, remove victim to fresh air first, and remove restrictive clothing around
Neck and chest. Perform artificial respiration and send doctor. Gassed, if while working alone,
They drive and are gassed to death.

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Be careful That's right, folks, Sparks does not have a fire or chemical name "Oxidizer" especially with the storage and handling

A fire blanket.
FIRE is a blanket of fire personal protective equipment to splash the fire burning.
Are you ready to make it home with you?
Independence of asbestos fire blanket materials, and durable up to 700 degrees Celsius.
Application for: office, home, workshop, warehouse
Case: - Soft Case and Hard Case
Mat'l: fiberglass, soft.
Size: - 1.2 M x 1.2 M
- 1.2 M x 1.8 M
- 1.2 M x 1.8 M

Origin: Netherlands
Price: RP. 275,000 .-

This is handy for tossing in the table and ground fire. More importantly, can be used to wrap around yourself or auxiliary, which caught fire. This blanket can be easily and cheap, by clicking on the upholstery or fabric store and purchase a cheap long non-flammable material. Must be thick enough to get out of the air through them. Ask seller a type of fire and how they charge.

You should also ask them how to sew an apron for you, because they are very protective in the acid spills, fire, explosion, etc. Please note that some chemicals (eg
Tetranitromethane, nitromethane, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, etc.) is very strong oxidizer, so burning them vigorously, without oxygen. Thus, they not only can be in the monopropellant rocket engine, they can fire, which is hard, and they can explode when great wrong impurities or chemicals, metals, and other

That's right, folks, not Sparks or fire, the burning process. If you have a chemical name "Oxidizer" Be especially careful with the storage and handling.

Bucket of sand.
Liquids tend to spread if it fell, and at this time to give more volatile liquids, flammable gases, the danger of fire.

If type of fire, which reject the desire to fight fire with water, because it only fires a larger volume by adding more liquid to the fire. As in the fire, remain cool and collected, proceed quickly to the five gallon buckets filled with sand (stowed, you easily from the work table) and throw piles of sand directly on the fire and fuel. If the fire is still burning after most of the liquid has been soaked up, which put out the fire with a blanket or a quick burst with the fire extinguisher.

Extinguisher sometimes so much pressure that they blow and spray fire all over the place before, so if a large number of liquids that fall and burn, use the sand first, it makes clean-up easier.

Fire extinguishers.
Never use carbon tetrachloride fire extinguishers, due to phosgene formations. Always use coi (carbon dioxide) fire extinguishers. A box baking soda can be used to extinguish small fires. Fire in a bottle or cup can be stifled by the mouth of the container that is not flammable point, the glass plate.

If clothing does not ignite on. I know that sounds stupid, but you move faster and faster to burn hotter clothes. Go to your fire blanket, or near the shower. If you're too stupid to make the ceiling, and no shower nearby, try rolling on the floor and dumping
Sand or soda for you. If you have a serious burn, do not touch or anoint with something to seek medical assistance at once.

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Absorption, distribution, metabolism and Expenditure of Drugs

Not all are clinically significant interactions. An interaction is more likely to be clinically significant if:
# A drug has a narrow therapeutic window.
# A drug has serious, dose-dependent toxicity.
# The change in the serum drug is at least 30%.

There are two basic types of interactions:
# Pharmacokinetic (what the body on drugs): occurs when changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug. For example, P-glycoprotein is a membrane transport pump found in many areas of the body, including the GI tract, blood-brain barrier and the kidneys, the distribution of drugs into the tissue. It looks like a nightclub bouncer, the prevention of certain drugs, the membrane (ie in the bloodstream from the gut or the blood-brain barrier). Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by a medicine to facilitate the entry of certain drugs into the tissue.

# Pharmacodynamic (drugs, which means the body): You may be additive effects of two drugs - for example, simultaneous Metoprolol and verapamil therapy will slow the heart rate.

There are two major types of drug metabolism (both occur primarily in the liver):
Phase I reactions (cytochrome P450 enzyme system):
There are over 100 different P450 families and these enzymes are responsible for metabolizing both endogenous and exogenous substances. The major P450 systems used in drug metabolism are shown in the pie chart below. CYP 3A4 is the most common enzyme system in interaction.

Phase II reactions:
Acetylation, methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation.

Overall, the goal of drug metabolism is a relatively nonpolar and polar substance, thus facilitating their excretion in urine. Phase I reactions, it is an oxygen-share situation on the drug molecule (oxidation-reduction type of reaction). Then, a phase II reaction to act on this matter, and in the process, stick to a polar side group. The drug will be easier on the kidneys.

Below are some commonly used medications in the P450 are:
CYP # 450-inhibitors:
Clarithromycin, erythromycin, protease inhibitors (nelfinavir, ritonavir, indinavir), amiodarone, Fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, diltiazem, verapamil, itraconazole, ketoconazole, isoniazid (2C9), fluoroquinolones, quinidine.

# CYP 450 inducers:
rifampin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, isoniazid (2E1).

# CYP 450 substrates:
Theophylline, amitriptyline, phenytoin, phenobarbital, propafenone, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, clarithromycin, erythromycin, quinidine, Alprazolam, Diazepam, Triazolam, ritonavir, indinavir, saquinavir, amlodipine, nifedipine, Felodipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, clozapine.

Source:
Drugs and medicines, a practical guide for the safe use of common drugs in the adult, S Hui and D. Hamilton, Second Edition

"The true polypharmacy is the skillful combination of measures."
Sir William Osler. The treatment of diseases. Brit Med J
1909; 2:185-9.

Written by Raj Padwal, by Dawna Gilchrist, Dayle Strachan and Jeff Whissell

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C14H24N2O4) is a capsule containing 30 mg, 45 mg or 75 mg oseltamivir for oral use

Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate: C14H24N2O4) is a capsule containing 30 mg, 45 mg or 75 mg oseltamivir for oral use, in the form of oseltamivir phosphate, and as a powder for oral suspension, used in the composition with water as directed contains 12 mg / mL oseltamivir base. Besides the active ingredient, each capsule contains the source strength of starch, talc, povidone K 30, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The 30 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, and red iron oxide. The 45 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide and iron oxide black. The 75 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide black, and red iron oxide. Each capsule is printed with blue ink, the FD & C Blue No. 2 as the colorant. In addition to the active substance, the powder for oral suspension contains sorbitol, monosodium citrate, xanthan gum, titanium dioxide, tutti-frutti flavor, sodium benzoate, and saccharin sodium.


C14H24N2O4
Exact Mass: 284.17
Mol Wt.: 284.35
m / e: 284.17 (100.0%), 285.18 (16.1%), 286.18 (2.0%)
C, 59.13; H, 8.51; N, 9.85; O, 22.51
Boiling Point: 899.20 [K]
Melting point: 676.52 [K]
Critical Temp: 946.03 [K]
Critical Pres: 21.53 [bar]
Critical Vol: 829.50 [cm3/mol]
Gibbs energy: -347.62 [kJ / mol]
Log P: -0.41
MR: 75.10 [cm3/mol]
Henry's Law: 16.55
Heat Form: -838.53 [kJ / mol]
CLOGP: -1.2372
CMR: 7.6588

Oseltamivir phosphate is a white crystalline powder with the chemical name (3R, 4R, 5S)-4-acetylamino-5-Amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexen-1-carboxylic acid).
Below are the properties of oseltamivir.

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Danger Biology Pollutan microbes

Danger of food or food vary depending on the nature, among others, receiving and place, and not sensitive to the food or the food industry from damage, especially damage caused by the microbe.

Food can be broken with the speed, depending on the way, as follows:
- Food that is easily damaged, such as food derived from animals such as meat, milk, eggs and fish.
- Food that is easily damaged, such as vegetables and fruits,
- Food that is not easily damaged, such as nuts and seeds such as dried dried unhulled rice, corn and soybeans, dry pipil dry.

In general, food that is easily damaged because of the risk of biological hazards pollutan microbes. Food that is easily damaged, the water contains a high so easy to grow bacteria. Thus, the food or eat at the end of this threat of biological hazards:

~ And meat products
~ Products and susu
~ Eggs and products
~ Fish and fish products
~ Vegetables and products
~ Coconut milk

Food or food ingredients, hazardous chemicals
Natural foods or foods that contain toxic (manioc, venom, a poisonous fish, tempe bongkrek, etc.).

Food or food containing tercemar pesticides, chemical fertilizers, antibiotics, dangerous metals, chemicals and other pollutan.

Additional materials or additional forbidden food that exceeds the maximum size allowed in the ynag used.
Food or food polluted by a toxic form, such as grain or
Beans in storage. Storage is one of the storage room in which to warm and humid.

Food Ingredients Food in danger or hazard
Food or food that dirty, dirty things, such as due bills, glasses, discount bone, wood, stone, hair, nails, shells, and so forth. Food coated with a plastic sheet stapler or with the threat of physical danger, because the stapler can be without food.

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