Failure to menstruate often makes women wary and felt there was something wrong in the body

The absence of menstruation, or more commonly known by the term amenorrhea in medicine, is a condition when a woman does not get a period for more than 3 months of menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea is not a disease but merely a symptom of underlying disease. Therefore, amenorrhea can be classified into 2 major parts, namely primary amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea.

Primary amenorrhea means that the women would never get your period at all during his life. This condition is often caused by abnormalities acquired from birth, whether a genetic disorder, such as in Turner syndrome, and disorders due to abnormalities in the development process of reproduction equipment, such as the Tuba Muller agenesis disease that causes the uterus in the absence of the patient's body. Primary amenorrhea can also occur when there is a blockage or obstruction in the vaginal area, such as in the case that led to Hymen imperforata absence of menstruation due to the hymen is too thick, and cover the entire vaginal cavity so that menstrual blood can not get out. Amenorrhea in the case imperforata Hymen can be improved by surgery.

Secondary amenorrhea is a condition in which the woman had a regular period but by for some reason he did not get a period for more than 3 months of menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea cases that occurred in general is a secondary amenorrhea with a variety of causes. Here are some causes of secondary amenorrhea:

1. At the time of pregnancy and lactation

2. Menopause and premature menopause (menopause that occurs at age less than 40 years)

3. No. of ovulation or during ovulation abnormalities

4. eating disorders, for example in people with anorexia or bulimia nervosa

5. Sports and excessive weight, such as the female athlete

6. Stress

7. Obesity

8. Disorders of thyroid gland function

9. Malnutrition or poor nutrition that causes weight loss drastically

10.Akibat taking drugs such as contraceptive drugs such as birth control pills and implants under the skin

For the diagnosis of amenorrhea enforcement should be considered whether the absence of menstruation is included in the primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. If included in secondary amenorrhea, it is necessary to think that the absence of menstruation is the result of the pregnancy even if the patient never admitted to sexual relations. Therefore, a pregnancy test still must be done to help the enforcement of diagnosis. If it is a negative test result, then think about other causes.

Handling of amenorrhea is more aimed at the primary cause, not on its own amenorrhea. By improving conditions that cause amenorrhea, it is expected that the woman regained menstrual smoothly and orderly. Handling medications are generally given only hormonal supplements, such as progesterone supplements. But most important is dietary improvement, especially for the patients amenorrhea caused by malnutrition and obesity, exercise patterns for repairs caused by telampau exercise and excessive weight, and improved life styles due to stress.

If it continues symptoms, do not hesitate to consult a doctor or obstetrician. Hopefully with this article, she no longer worries when waiting for the periods each month!

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The process of ovulation, a process of release of the egg from the ovary, permanently after ovarian activity or ovaries disappeared

Menopause, may be said many feared by you, a woman, especially when reaching middle age. However, all women should get through this menopause. Many of the changes that will occur both physical changes and mental changes which will require many adjustments. But you do not need to worry, the origin can disiasati well, it will be passed successfully.

Menopause is the cessation of the process of ovulation, a process of release of the egg from the ovary, permanently after ovarian activity or ovaries disappeared. In short, menopause is the last menstruation. In the medical field can occur due to menopause natural processes (natural menopause) and that deliberately stopped menstruating for example, due to surgery (surgical menopause) or due to cancer treatment (medical menopause). But in this article we will focus on the natural menopause.

In reproductive age, her ovaries produce eggs and female hormones called estrogen and progesterone. Egg plays a role in the conception process. While the hormones estrogen and progesterone play a role in regulating the menstrual cycle and changes to the body accompanying mental and the menstrual cycle. At menopause, the ovaries will stop producing both eggs and hormones.

No one can with certainty determine when menopause is coming. Most women will experience at the age of 50 years but did not rule out if it happens more quickly or more slowly. This menopause process will take between 3 to 5 years to fully expressed when a woman has stopped menstruating for 12 months.

From penellitian, there is a connection between the first period with menopause. The earlier a woman's first menstruation has also slowed the menopause occurs, and vice versa slower first menstruation, the sooner it comes the menopause. There are other studies stating the best guide when a woman will experience menopause is when the mother of the woman's experience. However, many other factors that come into play, such as smoking that will accelerate the time of menopause for 2 years.

Perhaps this part of many commonly asked questions by you, the women, what will happen to you when you're experiencing menopause. Here are 7 facts and tips for menyiasatinya:

1 Decrease Fertility
Facts
This is related to the quality of eggs produced by the body of a woman. This process begins around age 35 to 38, about 10 to 15 years before menopause occurs.
Tips
• Arrange your pregnancy. The older the child, the greater the risk of having a baby with genetic abnormalities.
• Continue using contraceptives. Does not mean a decline in fertility, you're protected from pregnancy.

Menstrual Cycle Changes 2
Facts
Changes vary widely among individuals. There is a distance between cycles shorten, there are elongated, there's going to be bleeding more or only slightly (spotting). Even some women will experience menstrual suddenly stopped and did not menstruate again forever.
Tips
• Be calm.
• If you have menstrual bleeding for more or longer a longer bleeding or bleeding also occur between menstrual period immediately visit your doctor for a follow-up to the things that can be avoided dangerous.

3 Hot Flashes
Facts
The symptoms are a sensation of warmth to the body heat that occurs suddenly, especially in the chest area, face and head as a result of the widening of blood vessels. Other symptoms that follow such as sweating, increased pulse and increased the number of heartbeats.
Tips
• Try to recognize and avoid things that trigger hot flashes like the room is warm, emotional, hot beverages, certain foods, coffee, alcohol, cigarettes.
• Gunakan baju yang sejuk, gunakan kipas angin serta tidur di ruangan yang sejuk.
• When the hot flashes come, take a deep breath and slow to calm yourself.
• routine exercises can reduce stress or can also be a meditation, yoga or massage.

Emotional Changes 4
Facts
Many of the things behind this. Hot flashes often happen took place at night, which caused the woman who experienced it will have trouble sleeping. Lack of sleep can cause fatigue and emotional changes such as irritability. Hormonal changes also influential. In addition, many life events that occurred during this happens a little too much influence, for example conflict with young people, afraid of growing old, child marriage, retirement preparation for the work and so on.
Tips
• Join a fun activity.
• Expand friends talk.
• Eat regular and nutritious, less fat, alcohol and caffeine.
• exercises on a regular basis.
• Try stress reduction techniques like deep breathing, meditation.
• Perform activities for yourself like a massage, manicure.
• Sleep enough every night.
• Laugh as much as possible.
• Find the parties competent to help you

5 Changes Vagina and incontinence
Facts
At this time the vagina will be shortened and narrowed. The vaginal wall becomes thinner and loses elasticity. The symptoms that will arise as a burning sensation, itching, bleeding and pain during intercourse. Sedangan the urinary tract will occur what is called urge incontinence, which means the passage of urine or wet yourself unconsciously. This can have an impact on the social environment and personal hygiene.
Tips
To changes in the vagina:
• Use a vaginal moisturizer to soften the vagina.
• Use vaginal lubricants that are water soluble or water-soluble to moisten the vagina.
• Perform Pap's smears and other gynecological examination regularly.
To inkontinesia:
• Set the number of beverages drunk enough.
• Reduce caffeine and acidic foods that will irritate the bladder.
• Keep clean, so free from infection.
• Do pelvic floor exercises (Kegel Exercise).
• Lose weight.

6 Changes Sexual Activity
Facts
In old age of sexual activity will change on both sides couples, either the woman or the man. Many underlying factors such as, changes in age, hormonal and psychiatric each pair. The changes that occur include decreased sexual response, decreased sexual activity, decreased sexual desire, sexual partners who become dysfunctional (eg difungsi erection) and so on.
Tips
• Extend the foreplay, this will prolong orgasm.
• Change your sexual habits, for example by making connections on the morning of copulation as a higher energy level.
• Make your partner approach that better relationships can be awakened.
• Try to help each other overcome their sexual partners.

7 Other
Facts
Weight gain will arise due to increased fat and decreased body muscle mass. In addition heart rate will tend to be more rapid. These include dicetuskannya by factors such as hot flashes that have been described above as well as emotional changes. Headaches will also be appear in women who are vulnerable to hormonal changes. And the things that others who followed with a decrease in the age of the woman.
Tips
• Eat a balanced nutritional diet with low calories
• Regular exercises
• Avoid stress triggers
• Do things that relieve tension
• Drink enough water
• Use sun-block to prevent skin cancer
• If you need additional food consumption

Besides the things above you also need to guard against diseases such as heart disease and blood vessels as well as porous bone disease or osteoporosis, which was mentioned will occur after you have passed the menopause. Therefore, menopause is not the time to be scared again, but should be prepared and disiasati as possible, so you can pass through as quickly as possible.

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Physiological, reproductive condition of women is a means to recover

After childbed period (the period after giving birth), the average be 40 days, intimate relationship is possible. The physiological, reproductive condition of women is a means to recover. But everything is back on the physical and psychological readiness, especially from the women. Three months after giving birth, women can get pregnant again.

Women who give birth with a very close distance (under 2 years) will have increased risk of bleeding in the 3rd trimester, placenta previa, anemia, fetal broken early, endometriosis childbed period, and death during childbirth.

Research The Demographic and Health Survey, said that children born 3-5 years after the birth of sister, have the possibility of living healthy 2.5 times higher than the birth of the distance of less than 2 years.

Distance of adjacent birth can also trigger the first child neglect on the physical and psychological, that can cause jealousy due ketidaksiapan share affection from their parents.

In addition, the cells release eggs (ovulasi) often precede the first menstruation (menarche) in the adolescents who enter the puber. This can cause pregnancy in adolescent girls who have entered into sexual activity.

Figures pregnancy in a year on the fertile women with normal sexual activity around 90%. So planning a pregnancy is necessary for the mother and also for children. Do not feel up to the child and be treated like a child that is not desired attendance.

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Planning a pregnancy can be done with various methods of contraception, which is as follows

1. Method natural / periodic abstinence / rhytmis
This method does not use the fertile period in the monthly cycle a woman to be sexual, so that pregnancy can be avoided also.
To note is the age of sperm and ovum. Sperm can live in the vagina about 3 days (between 2-7 days) and egg cell / ovum approximately 24 hours. Ovulasi occur 13-15 days before menstruasi or 11-13 days after the last day menstruasi in women with menstrual cycle 28 days. But no safe period of 7 days occurred in ovulasi before and 3 days after ovulasi. Avoid sexual contact during the period unsecure.
The calendar method as above is considered less effective because of the tendency of the calculation error and the menstrual cycle is less regular, then that is considered most effective method pascaovulasi. One of the ways in pascaovulasi method is the method symptothermal:
• mucus and body temperature was measured
• the bottom of the stomach aches specified (symptoms / symptom)
• Use effective: sexual relations can be done on the day-to-4 after the peak mucus thickness, and 3 days after the increase in temperature.
KB natural numbers is a failure in the first year around 20%. With the exact calculation, the failure only 1-9%. This method does not have any side effects but need the cooperation of the pair. This method is not an easy method for women with no regular cycle.

2. Hormonal contraception
Type of contraception is very widely used and highly diverse forms, including tablets / pills, needle drugs, transdermal patches, and transvaginal ring.
Oral contraceptives in the form of a tablet / pill is a combination of estrogen and progestin or progestin only just. The use of tablets depends on conformity with the woman.
There is some suggestion in the use of oral contraceptives:
• drunk every day at a time more or less the same, should be drunk at night to reduce the effects nausea
• When terlewatkan 1 pill, the next day take 2 pills at once.
• When terlewatkan 2 pills, then use other means of prevention (condoms).
• Put the medicine in the packaging, which is always visible.
Rifampisin (antibiotics that are frequently used for TB) may reduce the effectiveness of pills KB.
Transdermal patch has a little over the effectiveness of pills KB. Each transdermal patch is used for 1 week. The patch is used for 3 consecutive days and 1 week free to allow the occurrence of bleeding. Effectiveness is less in women Obesity.
If the transvaginal ring, ring / ring installed in 5 days menstrual period and released after 3 weeks.
Effectiveness of needle drugs have a better than medicine pill. Selection method which is used in compliance with the comfort women.

3. IUD / diaphragm
IUD works by the process implantasi and prevent fertilization. Effectiveness of the use for 1 year with the pill. Effectiveness is also equivalent to sterilization. Figures Levonogestrel device failure is lower than with copper devices.
Levonogestrel devices can reduce the amount of blood and can lower the mens events dismenorrhea (painful menstruation). IUD can be used on people who may not use the pill, for example, in breast cancer patients.
IUD but have side effects, namely: leakage abortus and uterus, uterus cramps and bleeding, menorrhagia, and infection.

4. Mechanical barrier method
Can be either male condoms, female condoms, spermisida, plus spermisida diaphragm, contraceptive foam, or cap (sumbatan) servix.
Male condom is an effective contraceptive failure with the numbers 3-4%. Generally during the first year, the failure is quite high. Male condoms can be used for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Effectiveness increases with the lubricant containing spermisida.
Male condom before the penis is placed in contact with vagina. Condoms must be removed when the penis is still ereksi and condoms must be basic so that sperm does not spill.
Now it also has a female condom. According to existing information, complaints kekurangnyamanan on male condom use was only a few occur on the female condom.
Female condom has a ring in both ends. At a closed ring, condoms coated foam to absorb spons or sperm. Condoms made from materials lateks the antibocor with 17 cm long and 6-7 cm diameter.
In order not to disturb the mood, before the condom can be related sexual abuse, even 8 hours before sexual touch. Unlike the male condom-use-only, female condoms can be used for a few round.
At the time of female condom use, men do not wear condoms at the same time. This can cause great friction and rough, which caused leaks and encourage condom condoms to women in the vagina. On the use of female condoms this, do not use lubrikan of oil / petrolatum because it can damage the condom. Once completed sexual touch, do not move much so that sperm does not spill.

5. Coitus interrupted
It is the cheapest way, and without side effects. This is interesting with the penis from vagina before going ejakulasi. But this requires discipline and a high self-control is strong. Failure ranged from 4% -19%.

6. Abstinensia / not to have sex
Main target is young people. Young people invited to be "No" to sexual touch. In this way, sexual diseases are not akan perch.

7. Sterilization
If you do not want the pregnancy then the more can be done sterilization. Sterilization can be done on both men and women. Sterilization in the male called vasektomi, namely the cut vas deferens channel spermanya. Please note, sterilitas not happen immediately because of a back-up sperm in the vas deferens is located approximately akan discharged within 3 days or after 20 times ejakulasi.
Sterilization on a woman called tubektomi. Tubektomi the cutting on the tuba uterina which is a channel out egg cell. Tubektomi can be performed immediately after childbirth and outside the childbed.
To avoid making in the future, sterilization can be done without a cut or eliminate channel sperm or egg cell, that is enough with mengikatnya, until at times can be opened again if you want to have children again.

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Delicious and convenient, these two may be the most sought when someone decides to have sex. Can not be denied that this is the second most tempt the pair to try to make a sexual relationship with all kinds of variations. But it may never terlintas in our minds about safe sex or not they do or what risk. 

Many ask "why do I need to do a safe sex?" Or "safe sex is like what?". There are many myths circulating the wrong sex, so make someone mistakenly perceive sex in a safe. 

Perhaps the first step is the most appropriate explain why we need to do sex safely. Safe sex, among other benefits: 

  1. Elude from the disease, especially sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), among other diseases Lion King / Gonorrhea, siphilis, fungus diseases, infections and other diseases, and diseases that are specter community at this time, namely HIV and AIDS. This disease is spread through sexual injury (ulkus) infeksius that, when the genitals with bergesekkan akan spouse to enter the body through abrasions in the friction arising from it. Can also spread through the fluid, either liquid or vagina infeksius cement, into the body through wounds spouses. 
  2. Delaying pregnancy is not desired. By doing a safe sex, male sperm can not penetrate into the vagina in women. 

Then the next question is "how to do a safe sex '. The most inexpensive and easy pemakaiannya and the risk is small with the use of condoms. Condoms can be used on both men and women with the same functionality. 

Male condom is a wrap / rubber glove that can be made of various materials, among lateks (rubber), plastic (vinil), or natural material (animal production) that is installed on the penis during sexual relations. Condoms made from synthetic rubber that is thin, cylindrical, with a thick edge of its mouth when digulung flat-shaped or have any form of nipple like. 
Benefits of using male condoms when used properly: 

  * Prevent the spread STDs 
  * Prevent ejakulasi early 
  * Helps prevent the occurrence of neck womb cancer (cancer serviks) because it can reduce the occurrence of irritation due to the inclusion of trigger / cause of cancer from the outside (karsinogenik eksogen) on serviks women. 
  * Sharing interact each pair 
  * Prevent imuno infertilitas 
  * Not the health of this condom 
  * Not have any systemic effect in the body 
  * Cheap and can be purchased in general 
  * No need a prescription or a special medical examination 
  * Temporary contraceptive method when other methods of contraception should be delayed. 


Loss of male condoms: 
  * Effectiveness is not too high 
  How to influence the success of the use of contraceptives 
  * Somewhat disrupt the sexual relationship because of the direct touch. 
  * In some men, can cause difficulties to maintain ereksi 
  * Must be available every time a related sexual 
  * Some men embarrassed to buy condoms in public places 
  * The condom may be used to cause problems in terms of waste. 

How to use male condoms: 
  * Use a condom every akan perform sexual 
  * To be kontrasepsinya better effect, add to spermisida in condom 
  * Do not use the teeth, sharp objects such as knives, razor blade, scissors, or other sharp objects when opening the packaging 
  * Pair of condoms when the penis is being ereksi, paste on the tip glans penis (penis head) and place the container on the tip of the sperm uretra. Remove the coil karetnya friction with the road roller to the base of the penis. Installation should be done prior to penetration of the penis to the vagina 
  * If the condom does not have any sperm on the reception end, so when using, longgarkan slightly so that the ends do not split occurred at the time ejakulasi 
  * Condoms removed before the penis off 
  * Hold the base of the condom before the penis so that condoms deprive not be revoked at the penis and remove the condom outside the vagina so that there is no sperm in the fluid flow around the vagina 
  * Use a condom only once for life 
  * Dispose of used condom in a safe place 
  * Provide adequate number of condoms in the house and not stored in hot areas because this can cause the condom to be damaged or torn during use 
  * Do not use a condom when the condom packaging looks torn or brittle / tangly 
  * Do not use cooking oil, mineral oil, or lubricant materials from petrolatum because akan damage condoms.

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Sex by using condoms is good & risk

Female condoms made of lateks, or some are made from polyurthtane. Have a 17 cm long, 6-7 cm wide, and some have a certain aroma to remove the smell of rubber. Usually bright colors such as pink or clear. Cylindrical shape, with the tip of the ring-shaped opening, and in the end of the closed and given to absorb sperm spons. 
Benefits of the use of female condoms 

  * It can prevent pregnancy and prevent sexual transmission of disease 
  * Can be installed prior to 8 hours related 
  * It does not need to be fully inserted when the woman wear a condom 
  * For those allergic to lateks, can choose the material from Polyurethane 
  * Men enjoy more directly touch on penisnya 
  * Do not disturb the body's systemic functions of women 
  * Can be used in various conditions of women's body, for example, when menstruasi, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. 

Loss women using condoms: 

  * Effectiveness depends on the appropriate 
  * Incurred difficult because the tip of the ringnya must always be outside the vagina during the relationship 
  * Once installed condom women, it is important to touch the genital area 
  * Can cause irritation 
  * If you do not be oiled lubricant, it will be a significant issue with the noise 
  * Can not be used in women who are still virgin because of damage to the hymen and cause pain. 
  * The price is more expensive than condoms for men 
  * Must be available every time a related sexual 
  * Some women embarrassed to buy condoms in public places 
  * The condom may be used to cause problems in terms of waste. 

How to use female condoms: 

  * Tahanlah pembungkusnya and catch up to ringnya and broad sweep. 
  * Slowly enter into the vagina with a finger, and tekanlah to touch serviks, when it is installed correctly then you will not be able to feel ringnya. Remember the top of the ring must be located outside the vagina. 
  * Before you start make sure that the deal has been attached condoms correctly and add lubricant that has the actual water to be more comfortable and not muted. 
  * Once connected, tariklah edge ringnya and remove. 

Irrespective of the fate ruginya the condom, condoms may be the only one the easiest ways to prevent sexual transmission disease and pregnancy. One of the many myths circulating in the community about safe sex. For example if the myth that says when you finish the related sexual woman leap vaginanya to wash or clean, it can remove sperm from the vagina. Or myth that says when a couple of scrape with the genitals remains in the wear will not be pregnant. Women can still get pregnant even if sperm outside the vagina out. 

In principle, when the penis into the vagina without any coating or protective (condoms), the risk of STDs and pregnancy are more likely greater, because the sperm can survive outside the body within approximately 24 hours and have the ability to move in vagina shortly after ejakulasi done. When you make a sexual relationship, and without removing the protective liquid, either liquid or semen vagina, when you transmit the bacteria that cause disease to your PMS. 

Therefore the use of condoms is very important in preventing sexual transmission of disease spread and prevent a pregnancy that has not desired. Safe sex is not that difficult when you consider the safety of you and your partner. So, safety sex .. why not?

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Gonorrhea, or matter urine disease, becomes venereal disease that is very often is met among other sexual contagion

Gonorrhea, or matter urine disease, becomes venereal disease that is very often is met among other sexual contagion. Although this disease have been recognized by crowded audience but still there [are] also many this Case happened unconsciously its(the patient, especially woman. Because of course this disease can take place without symptom that is clear, and or is not thought up by patient infected.

Cause
Gonorrhea because of small bacteria is in the form of diplococcus ( form of like apart coffee seed) what recognized by the name of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacteria sticks and breaks man the mucous membrane like the one is there is at genitals, anus cave, eye the mucous membrane, and red lane. This disease almost always is contagious through the relation of sexual, either vaginally, anus, or oral with someone who has experienced the infection without using condom. However, infection of this disease earns also is resulted by “ hand touch”, clothes, or goods which has been applied patient.

Infection risk from men to higher woman than woman infections to men, especially because broader contact and the duration the mucous membrane hit. For every times contact, men has possibility that approximately 20 % suffers from is, while woman has opportunity of 40 % to suffer from is from men infection. At contact at twice of the possibility rising becomes 75 %.

Gonorrhea can disseminate through blood stream to part of other body, especially skin and articulation. At woman, gonorrhea menjalar can to sex channel and infection of membrane in hip causing arises hip pain in bone and reproduction trouble even infertility ( barren). Woman of highest berisiko experiences spreading of infection at the time of menstruation. Infection earns also happened to baby when bearing, which if unknown and cured, can result blindness.

Symptom and Sign
www.nacjamaica.com/sti/gallery.htmPada man, initial symptom of gonorrhea usually arises within 2-10 days after infection. Its(the symptom having beginning of as taste is not delicious, “ temperature” at urethra ( water outlet kemih), and a few hour(clocks then followed by pain in bone to and its(the exit rust colored matter of greenness from tip of genitals. In part big Case, man would soon having drug because symptom bothering the. Because its(the infection is quickly is known and cured, hence seldom there are man who is experiencing continuation komplikasi.

At woman, initial symptom can arise within 7-21 days after infection. Nevertheless around 50 to 70 % woman infection menunjukan symptom not to, and known to suffers from the only after couple the relation of its(the sexual is infected. If arises symptom, usually haves the character of light. But some patients shows symptom that is weight, like pressure for to, pain in bone when to, its(the exit dilution of matter from vagina, and fever. Woman that is a few or doesn't show symptom to become spreading primary source of infection and berisiko experiences penyulit. Infection can extend groans cervix uteri, womb, egg channel, ovary, urethra, and anus cave and causes hip pain in bone which in when correlating sexual.

Woman and homosexual man doing coitus through anus ( anal of sex) can suffer gonorrhea at its(the anus cave. Patient will feel not balmy around its(the anus, pain in bone at the time defecation, and from its(the anus cave dilution exit. Area around anus seems to squeezing and harsh, and its(the faeces is prepacked by mucus and matter.

The relation of sexual through mouth ( oral air mechanism sex) with a gonorrhea patient usually will cause gonorrhea at red lane ( pharyngitisgitis gonokokal). Generally the infection doesn't generate symptom, but sometimes causes red lane pain in bone and trouble when swallowing.

If dilution infection about eye, hence can cause the happening of infection of external eye ( konjungtivitis gonorrhea). At adult can happened through impure new hand finger of matter is not intentionally. Newborn baby also can be infection gonorrhea from its(the mother during copy process so that happened pembengkakan at both its(the eyelids and from its(the eye matter exit. If the infection was not cured, hence will generate blindness.

Diagnosis and Therapy
Gonorrhea disease diagnosis based on result of microscopic inspection to matter, where found [by] bacteria cause of gonorrhea. If at microscopic inspection was not found bacteria, hence done [by] breeder in laboratory.

Gonorrhea usually is dosed with injection of unique seftriakson intramuskuler ( through muscle) or with giving of antibiotic per oral air mechanism ( through mouth) during one weeks ( usually is given doxycycline). Beside curing gonorrhea disease, this patient also must be verified for possibility is suffering from other sex of which can generate penyulit which more serious. Other drug also is suggested covers penicillin, ampisilinamoksisilin, tetrasiklin hidroklorida, and or spektinomisin. But because often happened usage of drug that is promiscuously, often is found germ which resistant to some drugs. Usually is suggested reexamining 6 week after therapy, because around 15 % will be infection again, and probably because relapsing. If gonorrhea had disseminated through blood stream, usually patient taken care of in hospital and gets intravenous antibiotic ( through vein or infusion). Something else which must be paid attention is all sexual couples and patient sexual contact infection must be evaluated and on the market therapy to prevent spreading of this further disease.

Hitherto has not made available vaccine for this disease, as well as questionable existence of impenetrability after infection [by] this disease. Usage of condom can prevent this disease but doesn't guarantee for other venereal disease.

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Test TORCH ( Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes). In the case of toxoplasma verified is rate ( titer) your body antibody to Toxoplasma

You plans pregnancy or with a child? Better of You are attentive to this parasite. This parasite so called Toxoplasma gondii and generates disease which called Toxoplasmosis. Actually this disease can groan whosoever either man and also woman is including pregnant woman and or no.

This parasite usually applies cat animal as main host ( definitive hospes) beside possible other animals also is infection like bird and fish. Geographically, generally infection happened at area is having climate warmness and seldom seldom at having climate cool or mountain. Besides habit eats halfdone flesh also increases number the happening of this infection.

Contamination of Parasite
accessible Toxoplasma into your body in so many way. Firstly, not intentionally swallows cat faeces which in it there is egg toxoplasma. This way many not you realizes, for example oral menyetuh by hand which has been contamination like as of pot is clean to garden, cleans place to eat cat or other goods which have been contamination.

Second, this parasite also accessible if you consumes animal flesh which tar contamination and is not cooked maturedly. Form of cyst from this accessible parasite with the animal flesh. Third, way of other admission possibly through?via water which has been contamination. And which seldom, if you receives transpantasi organ or blood transfusion from donor which has been contamination.

Generally Doesn'T Generate Symptom
Form of disease generated will differ in if you in good health with pregnancy or if you suffers lacking of resistant power system of body ( immunity). If in good health, generally this disease doesn't generate something symptom or look like influenza pain usually is accompanied magnification of lymph gland regional which pain in bone. Symptom that is weight possibly happened like damage of brain and eye most off all happened at patient lacking of body endurance like HIV/AIDS.

At Baby Contained
Important was if this parasite groans pregnant mother. Research result done in Indonesia, found more than positive 80% to toxoplasma at baby placenta experiencing miscarriage. Result that is enough menunjukan relation between infection toxoplasma and miscarriage .

Foetus attacked by toxoplasma possibility will experience miscarriage, death foetus, growth of foetus is pursued, baby borns premature, hidrosefalus, mikro-oftalmia ( small optometry), choriorenitis ( chafes at eye retina), blindness, deaf, brain lesion, and damage of wide organ. Light weight of symptom depended from when pregnancy mother is infection. If happened at first trisemester, possibility that of 15-20% , at trisemester its(the both ways 25-30%, while at third trisemester possibility that of 60% baby will be infection in parallel with its(the mother.

However increasingly young pregnancy age, increasingly symptom weight which will be experienced by foetus because in the early of pregnancy happened forming of organ continued with maturation of organ until the baby borns. But 90% from baby infection not to generate something symptom ( asimptomatic) at the time of the baby is borne. New symptom arisen a few months even year after baby is borne.

Who is Ices
If You are before contains has have ever been hit this disease, your body will form which its(the name antibody. This antibody will protect you and your baby from attack toxoplasma which is the next even a at the time of pregnancy.

However, this thing will only reduce your risk factor to be infected again do not protect you are 100%. Hence from that, be really you must allert to this parasite. You enabled for pregnancy to return, if the infection recovered minimizing 6 month of before you plans to do pregnancy to return.

So, one other ice is hit [by] toxoplasma weight bothering foetus is new pregnancy mothers first time is infected toxoplasma. In this mother body has not there is antibody. Besides, people with low immunity system like at acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient, chemotherapy acceptor, transplantation acceptor of very organ ice to suffer toxoplasma weight.

Am I infection?
If You pregnancy will, your hygienist can suggest you to do test pre-marital ( test before married) which one of them is is test TORCH ( Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes). In the case of toxoplasma verified is rate ( titer) your body antibody to Toxoplasma. If proven in your body there is adequate antibody titre, like the one has been called as above, will reduce factor risk of toxoplasma weight.

If You have been pregnancy, this antibody titre test also can be done. With this test can be estimated your time are infection, was you have been hit since before a period of pregnancy or has just happened at the time of pregnancy. Besides microscopic test also can be done to find the parasite in blood. If enabling DNA test toxoplasma also can become choice.

This useful test because if result of his(its is compromising, your hygienist can execute inspection of continuation supporting like USG, amniocentesis ( bag of water sampling) so that action and medikasi given earns according. It is of course this thing will prevent worse things there will be.

Prevents
What is earning you does to prevent the entry of this parasite in your body, following its(the description:
* Avoids consumes halfdone or raw flesh, and fruit and vegetable which has not been cleaned.
* Avoids mengosok eye or touchs face when is preparing food.
* Cleans pallet to cut, platter, and equipment cooks is other with foamy and hot water after contact with raw flesh.
* Ripe of water until boiling and avoids drinks milk which has not in pasteurization.
* As possible controls insects which can propagate cat dirt like, fly and kecoa.
* If You had cat looking after animal, doesn't let you to gallivante is outdoors enlarging possibility that contact with toxoplasma.
* Asks member of other family to assist you cleans your cat are including bathing it, cleans cage, place of eating it.
* Feeds your cat with food which have been cooked carefully.
* Does periodic inspection to health of your cat.
* Applies plastic gauntlet when you must clean cat dirt, better be avoided.
* Cleans hand before eating and after contact with raw flesh, soil;land;ground or cat.
* Applies plastic gauntlet if you gardens especially if there is hurt at your hand.

However, not all catching potency cats of toxoplasma, but only cat or other animal suffering toxoplasma becoming disease reservoir. Interacts, looks after and has healthy cat will not cause pain. Prevents this disease earlyly so that your baby can born safely. ( Guide Diputra)

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There are some scientific method of which we able to apply to get gender child of matching with the one which we wish

Many myths about sex and pregnancy growing in public and even often is considered to be truth. Because assumed [by] correctness hence sexual behaviour also is influenced and follows wrong information as according to the myth.
One of myth that is often circulates is hooking;correlating position of the relation of sexual with baby gender which will be borne. It is said if position of boy when doing the relation of sexual started from left and terminated on the right, hence men baby which will be borne.
On the contrary, if(when the relation of sexual started from right side and terminated in left side, hence woman baby which will be borne.
Of course this wrong information and not true. Still many other myths, for example first chlid gender depend on who is fall in love in advance.
If(when the father who ahead haved a crush on mother hence the couple will be bestowed boy. The myth is heard funny, but that is myths growing about way of getting chlid with gender which we wish. Actually which very determines in determination of gender child of is sperm from man. Man sperm contains X chromosome and Y chromosome, while woman egg cell only contain chromosome X. So get boy, required X chromosome couple and Y, while to get daughter is required [by] X chromosome and X.

bigger fairish X Sperm and has longer life energy?power ( 5-6 days), but peripatetic farther out. While smaller fairish Y sperm, quicker died, but runs rings round. So basically, to get daughter does position of coitus which can slow down sperm to step into womb and egg channel while to get boy, coitus is pointed that penis to reach vagina fully where the position can quicken the entry of sperm into vagina, womb, and egg channel so that sperm Y will pass sour area in vagina and earns quickly reachs egg cell. It is important to know, some researchs indicates that birth of child of with men gender has higher level possibility, that is reaching 51%.

There are some scientific method of which we able to apply to get gender child of matching with the one which we wish.

The theory Akihito
This theory affirms at when time to correlate sexual. Result of research shows each chromosome to have character x'self. Sperm Y is in the form of orbicular, its(the size is smaller or around one-third X chromosome, shines light, the way quicker, and its(the age is shorter and unable to hold up in situation of acid.
While sperm X its(the size is bigger, runs lag, its form longer, and can live on longer and more resistantly is situation of acid.
From the data can be concluded if we like to obtains boy hence intimate relationship must be done justs or soon after happened ovulation ( when its(the exit egg cell from ovary or a period of fertility). That way, sperm Y is coming into womb to earn direct fruit of egg cell.
While to get daughter, intimate relationship better be done before ovulation happened. For example, ovulation is estimated happened on 10. Therefore, intimate relationship better be done 3 day before, so that at the time of ovulation happened remains sperm X which above the ground and fruit of egg cell. This method of course impractical because soybean cake couple must when precise takes place it ovulation. Though to know the matter a woman must measure its(the body temperature during 3 month of successively.
Its(the measurement process is also may not be wrong, namely by putting down special thermometer in orifice every morning before alighting from bed. Result of the measurement registered in a tables.
If(when one day, body temperature shows improvement, means when that is ovulation is happened.

Unhappily, for woman which its(the menstruation cycle is not regular, this thing of course difficult to be done. Accuracy of this method also low because leting however we don't know is sperm X or Y which is success fruit of egg cell. Besides medical way is upper, there are some practical way believed able to make couple to obtain chlid with gender which in craving.

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HOW TO GETTING boys

* Vagina rinse with water, Soda
Rinse solution to be made of a mixture of 1 cup water + 2 tablespoon salt soda (soda bicarbonate natrium). Why must be rinsed, such as that? As already mentioned, X chromosome are more resistant acid sedangan Y chromosome are less acid-resistant and faster way. Nah, flushing with saline solution vagina soda (a basa) degree aims to decrease the acidity vagina, so that the Y sperm more assured of his life and can burrow through the womb to the vagina to fertilize egg cells.

* Previously wife Orgasme More
Let your wife reach orgasme first followed by a new husband. Liquid produced when a woman orgasme akan more support for the Y sperm movement more quickly to the egg cell. The faster the better to be, because the Y sperm age shorter.

* Position Knee-Chest
It's a position that is allegedly Y sperm can make a quick skim through the vagina vagina, uterus, and up to the egg cell, the knee-chest position. Position where the husband copulate with his wife from behind this is also called doggie style. * In penetration

In the penetration, the close proximity of the sperm cells be eggs. If the husband can be a deep-time ejakulasi in progress, this can increase the likelihood get a son.

* "Fasting" While
To increase the quantity of volume spermanya, husbands are encouraged to save or not spermanya do ejakulasi about 7-8 days. With the number of sperm per mililiternya more, possibly get a son also rises.

Fasting sex also aims to avoid the possibility tertinggalnya X sperm from the intimate relationship a few days before the ovulasi. If there are X sperm left behind in female reproductive organs, so the ovulasi arrived, he could direct the cells fertilize eggs. Perempuanlah which means children will be obtained. Meanwhile, if the week before sex fast run, then the Y sperm have a great opportunity to fertilize egg cells.

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TIPS FOR WOMEN CHILDREN obtain

* Vagina washed with water + vinegar to increase acidity vagina dry, basuhlah area with 1 glass of water that is mixed with 2 tablespoon sour vinegar. Vagina bersuasana acid environment is expected to kill sperm X Y sperm, so congratulations to the goal. Volume X sperm that can increase the likelihood of many children to get women.

* Avoid Orgasme
When intimate relationships, so try before going ejakulasi wife orgasme reach. Without orgasme, sekresi alkalis (the substance that makes the vagina is basa) does not occur and this will make the Y sperm die so that the X sperm that have better endurance.

* Meet Position Front Front
Intimate relationship with the position of line of sight, under the wife and husband on the fact sperm can not make a direct cut to the mouth serviks (neck womb). With the time needed sperm will last longer and is more profitable sperm X.

* Short penetration
Penetration of the way done with it to the end of the vagina when the husband ejakulasi. This means extending the distance to the sperm cell that is suspected of eggs will increase the percentage of X sperm given the opportunity tahannya power from a stronger sperm Y.

* Sex-ordered
With regular sex, the volume of sperm that come out a little more automatic because no sperm is ditabung. This is believed to increase the likelihood of getting girls. Why? Before the cells reach the egg, sperm must travel through it. Some of the sperm cells will die on the way, the Y sperm, especially short. Finally, the longer the amount will be less. Well, to get a little volume of sperm, intimate relationships should be done after the period, once every 2 days to 2-3 days before the ovulasi. Hence, X sperm are more resistant it may be much older that are still left behind and will fertilize the egg cell ovulasi occur. This note is that all methods can only increase the percentage of success. No one can guarantee 100% that will surely leave the baby male or female baby. Happy trying!

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Women with age range 40 - 44 years, ie, around 50 percent, with the action Maternity preterm akan increased 2-4 fold

Whether this is my first pregnancy and you may also be the last. I am very anxious and concerned about the decision to have my child at my age it can be said that may be outside the safe age for a mother for pregnancy and childbirth. I really hope that I can bear healthy children, but I also have heard and read about the risk of pregnancy over age 35 years and it makes me feel nervous. What should I do? "

Thoughts and questions are always obsess about this for women who want to get pregnant over the age of 35 years. Today, many pasanngan who decide to marry and have children at the age of 35 years or more, especially in big cities. The number also tended to increase from year to year.

Surveys in the United States in 2006 showed, the amount of labor in women aged 35 - 39 years increased approximately 60 percent compared to 1998. The increase is almost the same occurred in women with age range 40 - 44 years, ie, around 50 percent. Variety of reasons for delay in the dikemukan married or have children delay. However, the most often in the reason because the feel is not ready financially, so that pair-pair young was decided to delay marriage and having children until they are saving enough. Busy career in meniti also often cited as a reason, so no time is running fast.
If you already live in this world for more than 35 years, of course you know that there are not without risk. Begitupula with the pregnancy, at the age of berapun own risk. Age in the most safe for pregnant women and birth is around age 20 - 30 years. At this age women in the optimal situation in other words, the risk of pain, number (morbiditas) and death (mortality) and the mother of the baby who resulted from pregnancy and childbirth in the age group is the lowest compared with other age groups. This risk will be increased in line with increasing age.
Why?
Increasing age in women is affecting the number of egg cells that have not been excluded from the ovarium or ovary. Pubertas time, a woman will have about 400 thousand egg cells. This egg-egg akan released one by one each week with the same cycle menstruasi (ovulasi) and ready to be fertilized.

Besides eggs, eggs that have been removed, there are also tens of egg cells that every month a natural death because of failure to release from the ovary, so that the eggs were released terbaiklah while eggs that are not sempuna akan stay and die. Thus, when women experience menopause at the age of 50 - 55 years old, so there are only a few thousand eggs are old cells are still left behind in the ovary. Therefore, before the menopause women experience difficulties ovulasi. Cells that have the elderly has decreased ability to be fertilized and lost the ability to produce hormones, especially estrogen and progesteron.
In addition to the number of egg cells of the bone, the age factor (above 35 years) also affect the ability to receive future womb fetus or embryo. In this case, the ability to receive the womb fetus, decreased. Penuaan factors will also cause the fetus produced by women over 35 years in the sometimes experience difficulty inherent in the mucus layer of the womb or endometrium. This can increase the incidence miscarriage.

What are the risks that can happen?
Risk to the mother:
* Disturbance of the functions and organs - organs in the mother
* Hypertension essential hypertension in pregnancy and increased 2 - 4 times.
* Diabetes mellitus due to pregnancy or with the more familiar term gestasional diabetes can increase 2 - 5 times.
* Obesity (overweight) before and during pregnancy will increase after the age of 35 years. Obesity increases the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
* Postpartum bleeding or bleeding after childbirth, for example, caused by the location of the road plasenta of birth (plasenta previa). Previa increases the risk plasenta twice at the age of 30-39 years and increased three-fold at the age above 40 years. Bleeding is also caused by the reproductive function of the channel is decreased.
* Maternity preterm with action will increase 2-4 times. Other measures such as labor and labor induction with pliers (forseps) also increased.
* Pregnancy outside the uterus, or pregnancy ektopik increased 2 - 4 times.

Risk to the fetus or the baby:
* Disabled the default, whether caused by chromosome aberration or not. Chromosome aberration that is found most often Down syndrome (the typical berciri various levels of mental illness, face a particular characteristic, the reduced muscle tonus, and occasionally other health).

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Down syndrome associated with defects in the sperm father, Risk of a miscarriage, premature births, labor process

The risk of chromosome aberration will be increased according to the age of pregnant women, namely:
- At the age of 25 years: 1 between 1200 - 1250 pregnancy.
- At the age of 30 years: 1 of 1000 pregnancies.
- At the age of 35 years: 1 in 400 pregnancies between.
- At the age of 40 years: 1 in 100 pregnancies between.
- At the age of 45 years: 1 in 30 of pregnancy.
- At the age of 49 years: 1 in 10 of pregnancy.

An estimated 25% of cases of Down syndrome associated with defective sperm in the father. By considering that the father also share in the occurrence of insemination, where sperm from the prospective father of old age has long affected the influence of environmental hazards and may also contain genes or chromosome that have been changed or damaged. With the increasing age of the father, then the quality of the sperm is also decreased.

* Miscarriage
Risk of a miscarriage are increased in line with the increasing age of pregnant women:
- Age 20 - 29 years: 10%
- Age 35 - 39 years: 20%
- Age 40 - 44 years: 50%
- Age above 48 years: 84%

* Premature birth, increased by around 40% in mothers above 40 years.
* Babies born dead, three-fold increase in the age above 40 years.
* Maternity large baby (more than 4,000 grams)
* Maternity small baby (less than 2500 grams)

How do I reduce the risk?
So that risk is reduced, there are some things that should be done if the mother's age at first pregnancy vulnerable, namely:

* Consult experts in the pregnancy because the mother is pregnant at the age of vulnerable require special supervision during the early pregnancy and childbirth in the process. We recommend that the mother in medical specialist and not a general doctor or midwife. When the condition is not possible, at least the mother had one or two ¬ time consultation with a specialist doctor to get a special inspection and examination, such as pelvic examination, blood pressure examination and USG.

* The process of change should be done in hospitals that have facilities that meet the standards. The hospital does not have a NICU (neonatal Intensive Care Unit) certainly can not provide sufficient facilities for babies are born premature. While this risk can occur in a pregnant mother in the vulnerable age. Facilities and infrastructure are also useful when both a deviation occurs in the process change, for example, if the mother experienced bleeding by others can be quickly available to the transfusion, so that number could be reduced maternal mortality.

* Make amniosentesis test in early pregnancy for women aged 35 years or more in the first pregnancy to find the possible down syndrome and other chromosome abnormalitas. Aberration can be detected with the screening of blood and early pregnancy in the USG. But detection is only through terakurat or take action amniosentesis example network to be viewed kromosomnya fetus. If the fetus had down syndrome terbukti the doctor can do the counseling, the husband-wife. What will happen, what can be done by a doctor, whether the pregnancy will be forwarded or not. When I forwarded the risks and other. In making a decision, it's good that parents criticize only 10% children with Down syndrome actually retarded and many children like this have the potential to live full, at least, life that is almost optimal.

* Some of the checks that need to be checking them is laboratorum such as blood sugar to detect the possible existence of the disease diabetes mellitus, or maternal blood examination to detect chromosome aberration in the fetus.

* Candidates for the mother should also undergo medical efforts to prevent hypertension and congenital defects. When there are indications such as rubella, vaccination is given at 1-3 months before pregnancy. And no less important is the acid folat. Feed acid folat enough known in pregnant women can reduce the risk of babies born with congenital defects in the brain and spine. Acid folat, said Bambang, awarded since 1 - 3 months before pregnancy until the age of 12 weeks of pregnancy (the fetus forming organs) with a dose of 4 mg / day.

* Conduct training, diet and treatment pralahir can also reduce the risk of pregnancy in older age.

So do not worry for the prospective mother is pregnant at older ages, because with the progress in the medical world is now the risk that there could be reduced so that the prospective mother may also bear a healthy child like other young mothers.

In addition, pregnancies in older age also have some other positive value. In general, half-old mother who have maturity and emotional stability, mental and financial, so that parents can become better. In addition, research also shows that mothers accept this situation and responsibilities as parents and most of them is very happy. (Dewi I. Gracia)

Reference

Murkoff, Heidi, Arlene Eisenberg and Sandee Hathaway.2006.Kehamilan: What you encountered per Month Bulan.Jakarta: Arcan.

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Hiperemesis gravidarum, as hiperemesis gravidarum. Symptoms of this disease is very varied

Another theory that says the role of allergic reaction network as a response to the mother child the network is regarded as a foreign network. In addition there is also a psychological factor as the factor that berperanan. Such as, household fracture, loss of job, fear of pregnancy akan akan cause internal mental conflict that is not aware of the symptoms of nausea, vomiting aggravate this.

Symptoms
In fact, there is no clear boundary between a reasonable nausea or vomiting with excessive physiological or known with this hiperemesis gravidarum. A common benchmark used is the common people. If the public could participate affected, patients should be suspected as hiperemesis gravidarum. Symptoms of this disease are extremely varied. Following symptoms that can diwaspadai as hiperemesis garvidarum from the light to heavy:
• prolonged vomiting
• feeling weak, appetite decreased body weight down
• pain in the heart Ulu (epigastrium)
• dry tongue, sunken eyes, the amount of urine (urin) reduced
• rapid pulse, blood pressure down
• awareness of the subject decreases ago.

Tips
Even if the degree of nausea, vomiting akan different on each person, we must remain menyiasati so that symptoms can be eliminated even diperingan. Following these tips useful for you:

Tips first, the diet pattern. This is quite a lot of help in preventing and overcoming disease. Eat small but frequently, avoid fatty foods and high berprotein, perbanyak drink soda that contains it is intended to reduce stomach acidity, and increase consumption of herbal tea containing ginger or mentol. You can also increase the amount of consumption of food or supplements containing vitamin B1 and B6.

The two tips, it is important for you to avoid the stress, it's good if environmental pressures come, you can insulate themselves first with the right to go outside the room or to the bathroom, so that the pressures that you can easily lalui. There is also a good idea to spend a little time to breathe in the fresh morning air, so that your day better. Next you need to be able to menyakinkan yourself that this feeling of nausea, vomiting akan can you be well. Self-motivation and also with the hope that the grace of God you and your husband will get through after all this. Overall, the role of the nearest very important role, especially her husband, in a comfortable situation and moral support for the mother who mengalaminya.

Very Satisfactory
Gembiranya this news, this time with the handling by both the parties and berkompeten with medikasi the right, this disease has a number of healing is very satisfying. Of course, this is enough to overcome the feeling of fear for you if you need mengalaminya. (Pandu Diputra)

Reference
Prawirohardjo, Sarwono, et al. Obstetric science. Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo. Jakarta: 2005.
Widjanarko, Bambang. Basic Science Ginokolgi. Bag. Obstetri gynecology FK Universitas Atma Jaya. Jakarta: 2006.

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Hiperemesis gravidarum is: have the same symptoms with nausea, vomiting, in general (Nausea and emesis gravidarum)

You may never ask, why do the people vomiting average suspected pregnancy? Nausea, vomiting, or if the pregnancy will affect the mother or the baby? Or indeed what the truth is often said in public that nausea, vomiting only a mother how to make himself more to be? And many other questions that are heard in the community about the nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

All pregnant women almost Mengalaminya
Data from epidemiology, nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, or often called Nausea and emesis gravidarum is a reasonable and frequently found in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. According to research, 60% to 80% of the women of the first (primigravida) and 40% to 60% of women who already had a (multigravida) claim to experience nausea, vomiting is a problem.

But one of the thousand women who are experiencing symptoms of more serious usually called hiperemesis gravidarum. Hiperemesis gravidarum actually have the same symptoms with nausea, vomiting, in general (Nausea and emesis gravidarum), only the symptoms are more marked with the starting capital terganggunya activity daily, the symptoms linger until the general condition of the mother worsened that requires a mother treated in hospital , even more weight can again threaten the lives of the mother and the future of the fruit heart.

Perhaps the cause of the
Many theories try to explain the mechanism of the occurrence. One theory states that the involvement of the hormone estrogen. Actual mechanism for the role of estrogen is also not clear, it may directly affect the central nervous system that regulates reflex vomiting or evacuation due to the reduced side. Dperkuat this theory with the research that the people have the possibility hiperemesis gravidarum childbearing women 1.5 times more than that of boys where the hormone estrogen is very berperanan in a woman. Hormone HCG, a hormone produced by the placenta (placenta) the baby, also called a follow-affect the occurrence of nausea, vomiting mechanism.

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The risk of death, Air fetal blood vessel that entry may lead to sudden death

Sectio caesar action has profit and loss each. Advantages include the birth process takes a shorter time, minimal pain, and does not disrupt or harm the "way of birth".

While the loss of this action can override both the mother and the baby dikandungnya. Loss that can befall the mother include:
1. Mortality risk four times greater than normal childbirth.

2. Blood is issued twice as compared to normal childbirth.

3. Pain and wound healing pascaoperasi longer than normal childbirth.

4. Stitches used operating risk infection because the stitches flake and can not process keringnya evenly.

5. Perlekatan organ part in the blood stain is not clean.

6. Pregnancy limited two years after the operation.

7. Must dicaesar again when the second and so forth.

8. Vein and bladder have a scalpel.

9. Water entering fetal blood vessel that can lead to sudden death when the reach the lungs and heart.

While the losses that can befall a baby include:
1. The risk of death 2-3 times bigger than the baby is born through the normal process of childbirth.

2. Tend to experience shortness of breath because of fluid in the tuberculosis-parunya does not exit. In the baby, who was born normal, the fluid pressure occurs when the exit.

3. Often headed for prophylactic pain medication is given to the mother about the baby.

See the risks described above, will be more prudent for a mother choose not to take action if the operation can be a natural birth, just because it is concerned will be sick when the birth process. Please note that sectio caesar action must be the last choice in the birth process to be conducted. Early and regular inspections in the period of pregnancy will be very helpful in preparing for the birth process in a safe and comfortable for the mother.

Reference:
Basic Skills Obstetri Ginekologi.
Bagian Obstetri gynecology Faculty of Medicine,
Unika Atmajaya Jakarta

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Operation or sectio caesar caesar on women is a way to carve the belly of a mother's womb to remove the baby

Being a mother ... this is certainly extraordinary that can happen to a woman and may be a dream for every woman who has housekeep. However, many women will feel worried sick that arise during the birth process so that many who choose alternatives in the process of birth that is operating or sectio caesar caesar. Really sectio caesar is the best option for the birth process?

Sectio caesaria is the process of childbirth is done in a way to carve the belly of a mother's womb to remove the baby. This operation is performed during labor through the normal 'way of birth' is not possible because of medical complications. This operation is usually done by a team of specialists involving the womb, a child specialist, anesthesia specialists, and midwives.

In Operation Caesar, there are seven layers of sliced scalpel, the skin layer, a layer of fat, muscle sheath, muscle belly, in the belly of a layer, layer outside the womb, and womb. After the baby is removed, and then sewed the layers one by one, so jahitannya flake. See the process above, it can be concluded that the birth of the operation has a risk of higher than natural birth. Thus, it is wise when making decisions in action for surgery, is based on medical indications and have not be made other efforts.

Here are some things that are indications in action sectio caesar:

1. absolute narrow pelvis, pelvic where the mother has a more narrow size than normal (diagonalisnya diameter <6>
2. the existence of obstacles in the way of birth, such as tumor in the way of birth, mioma serviks, ovarium cyst in the cavum Douglassi, stenosis vagina or womb, neck, etc..
3. plasenta previa the placenta is covering the road of birth, which normally is located in the wall of the womb.
4. disporposi sepalo pelvik mismatch between the size of the pelvis with the head of a baby mother, where maternal pelvic size smaller than the baby's head.
5. critical embryo, where the things happened a certain decrease in general condition of the baby to the emergency fetus.
6. ruptura uteri iminen namely a situation where there ruptura (outbreak) in the womb wall suddenly.
7. baby's head is larger than normal, for example, the baby hidrosephalus.
8. pregnant women suffered from hypertension, genital herpes, or HIV-AIDS.
9. navel cords wind or lost the baby so that baby's going critical fetus.
10. Position the baby or hinder sungsang.
11. The process of normal labor lasted so long confinement occurs fatigue failure occurred or normal childbirth (dystosia).
12. sectio caesar have a previous history, which according to medical indications.

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RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance, National Academy of Sciences, and contah food for pregnant women

Nutrition planning for pregnant women should refer to the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance or Recommended Daily Feed). Compared to mothers who do not get pregnant, pregnant women need akan protein increased up to 68%, acid folat 100%, calcium 50% iron and 200-300%. Food must include the recommended six groups, namely food that contains protein (animal & vegetable), and susu olahannya, bread & cereals, fruits & vegetables are rich in vitamin C, dark green vegetables, other fruits & vegetables.

Energy
Feed the amount of energy is a factor as the most important nutrient in pregnancy if the mother is associated with low body weight infants. Too much energy that must be prepared to end a pregnancy is 80,000 calories. (National Academy of Sciences, 1980) or approximately 300 calories per day above the needs of pregnant women do not. This value is calculated based on equality with the protein and fat for growth buried the fetus and the mother of necessity.

Energy needs of trimester 2 & 3 until the end of pregnancy increased. Additional energy during trimester 2 is required for the mother of the network, namely the addition of the blood volume, the growth of breast and uterus, and the cumulation of fat. Throughout the 3 trimester, additional energy used for growth of fetus and plasenta.

Protein
Widyakarya National Food and Nutrition in 1993 suggested the addition of V 12 grams / day. Thus Feed protein can reach 75-100 grams or about 1.3 grams / kg BB / hari.

Iron
Needs iron in pregnant women increased by 200-300%, for the formation of cell-plasenta & red blood cell embryo.

Calsium
Suggestion calcium 1200 mg / day for pregnant women aged over 25 years, is the source calsium susu, white, green vegetables. Calsium addition, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Vitamin B complex is also required for pregnant women.

Sample Menu Food for pregnant women

Breakfast
2 pieces of bread wheat
1 cup (200 ml) susu calsium
1 boiled egg

Alternation: 150 grams of papaya fruit

Lunch
White rice 8 SM
1 roasted chicken pieces
Tofu pieces 2 medium
Cut 2 Tempe
Vegetables boiled at

Alternation: 150 grams of melon fruit
2 pieces of pudding

Dinner
White rice 8 SM
Chicken corn soup
Tumis broccoli
Cow black pepper

Before bed: 1 cup susu calsium
(dr. Nanny Djaja, SpGK)
References: Nutrition in the life cycle, EGC

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Trimester of pregnancy, during pregnancy vitamin, hormone chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), hiperemesis gravidarum

Pregnancy is a special situation for a woman candidate as mother, as during the pregnancy akan physical changes occur that affect their lives. Eating pattern and healthy lifestyle can help the growth and development of the fetus in the mother's womb.

~ There are 3 trimester of pregnancy:
~ Period I trimester of pregnancy: 0-12 weeks
~ The period of pregnancy trimester II :13-27 days
~ Period III trimester of pregnancy: 28-40 weeks

Vitamin needs during pregnancy
Destination penatalaksanaan nutrition in pregnant women is to achieve the nutrition status of mothers so that the optimal mother was pregnant with a safe, delivered the baby with the potential physical and mental well.

Trimester I:
In early pregnancy (trimester I) nausea and vomiting experienced by women, often called morning sickness. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy-related hormonal changes between pregnant women in the body. Pregnant at the time of the increase occurred between hormone chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which comes from plasenta. HCG increased production in the first three months of pregnancy and came back after four months, so that in the fourth month of pregnancy entered already started feeling nausea decreased.

Nausea and excessive vomiting in pregnancy trimester I called hiperemesis gravidarum. Signs hiperemesis gravidarum is the weight down 2,5-5 kg or more, can not swallow food or drink for 24 hours, dark colored urine / slab, vomiting often (every hour or more), nausea, vomiting is always so great when eat. Danger hiperemes gravidarum is happening Feed dehydration and lack of nutrition, care needs to the hospital for parenteral nutrition for several days to calm symptoms.

In the I trimester of pregnancy usually occurs increased body weight does not mean that that is about 1-2 kg. Energy needs in the I trimester increased minimal. WHO recommends the addition of energy to 10 kkal trimester I.

Trimester II & III
The addition of the ideal body weight during pregnancy trimester 2 & 3

IMT (kg/m2) Total increase in body weight during trimester
I suggested 2 & 3

~ Lean (IMT <18.5)>
~ Normal (IMT <18,5-22,9)>
~ Overweight (IMT <23-29,>
~ Obesity (IMT <>
~ Baby twin 15,9-20,4 kg 0.7 kg / week

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